The Humanistic Perspective Essays

The Humanistic Perspective Essays The Humanistic Perspective Paper The Humanistic Perspective Paper The humanistic approach takes an optimistic view of human nature, seeing people as essentially good. Believing in the more noble aspects of human existence, it insists on the value of qualities such as choice, free will and self definition. Humanistic psychologists believe that we are all unique individuals and that each person is shaped by their own personal experiences. This approach is also notable for being open to more philosophical influences, stating that we must define our lives for ourselves. Humanistic psychologists also believe that experiments on humans are inappropriate because everyone is unique. They believe that if people are treated like objects they may as well become like objects. Instead clients should be treated as whole human beings. Humanistics often object to calling those who participate in studies subjects, since this implies that they are merely powerless objects in a psychologists game. They prefer words like clients and participants, and they prefer to emphasise mutual cooperation and respect. One key idea related to the idea of the whole person is self actualisation. The idea of self actualisation focuses on human motivation. Maslow (1970, cited in Haralambos Rice et al 2002) developed a theory of human motivation. He believed that humans are motivated to satisfy a series of needs. The needs are hierarchical in the sense that lower level needs must be satisfied before the needs above can be motivated. The diagram below shows Maslows hierarchy of needs from the most basic needs to the highest level. Unconditional regard is the other key idea in the humanistic approach. One factor that helps us to achieve our potential is unconditional positive regard. Rogers was responsible for developing client focused therapy this centres on people as individuals who can shape their own lives. Rogers (1951, cited in Haralambos Rice et al 2002) suggested that the therapist must not give advice or tell the clients what to do. The therapist instead, must create a supporting and accepting environment allowing the client to discover themselves and search for their own individual meanings. Unconditional positive regard must be shown by the therapist, being accepting and uncritical, sincere and genuine. This encourages the clients to become honest and accept themselves. By this route they will recognise and become their true selves. These ideas have encouraged many self help groups. Although the humanistic approach has many positive factors it also has weaknesses. The humanistic ideas are very vague and untestable. Some critics see the humanistic approach as a collection of recipes for living containing advice for getting the best out of life, rather than an approach which explains human behaviour. Also many self help therapy groups can be time consuming and are often only available to those who are willing to pay.

Battle of Zama in the Punic Wars

Battle of Zama in the Punic Wars The Battle of Zama was the deciding engagement of the Second Punic War (218-201 BC) between Carthage and Rome and was fought in late October 202 BC. After a string of early Carthaginian victories in Italy, the Second Punic War settled into a stalemate with Hannibals armies in Italy unable to deliver a deathblow again the Romans. Recovering from these setbacks, Roman forces achieved some success in Iberia before launching an invasion of North Africa. Led by Scipio Africanus, this army engaged a Carthaginian force led by Hannibal at Zama in 202 BC. In the resulting battle, Scipio defeated his famous foe and forced Carthage to sue for peace. Fast Facts: Battle of Zama Conflict: Second Punic War (218-201 BC)Dates: 202 BCArmies Commanders:CarthageHannibalapprox. 36,000 infantry4,000 cavalry80 elephantsRomeScipio Africanus29,000 infantry6,100 cavalryCasualties:Carthage: 20-25,000 killed, 8,500-20,000 capturedRome Allies: 4,000-5,000 Background With the beginning of the Second Punic War in 218 BC, the Carthaginian general Hannibal boldly crossed the Alps and attacked into Italy. Achieving victories at Trebia (218 BC) and Lake Trasimene (217 BC), he swept aside armies led by  Tiberius Sempronius Longus and  Gaius Flaminius Nepos. In the wake of these triumphs, he marched south looting the country and attempting to force Romes allies to defect to Carthages side. Stunned and in crisis from these defeats, Rome appointed Fabius Maximus to deal with the Carthaginian threat.   Hannibal. Public Domain Avoiding battle with Hannibals army, Fabius raided the Carthaginian supply lines and practiced the form of attritional warfare that later bore his name. Rome soon proved unhappy with Fabius methods and he was replaced by the more aggressive  Gaius Terentius Varro and Lucius Aemilius Paullus. Moving to engage Hannibal, they were routed at the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC. Following his victory, Hannibal spent the next several years attempting to build an alliance in Italy against Rome. As the war on the peninsula descended into a stalemate, Roman troops, led by Scipio Africanus, began having success in Iberia and captured large swaths of Carthaginian territory in the region. In 204 BC, after fourteen years of war, Roman troops landed in North Africa with the goal of directly attacking Carthage. Led by Scipio, they succeeded in defeating Carthaginian forces led by Hasdrubal Gisco and their Numidian allies commanded by Syphax at Utica and Great Plains (203 BC). With their situation precarious, the Carthaginian leadership sued for peace with Scipio. This offer was accepted by the Romans who offered moderate terms. While the treaty was being debated in Rome, those Carthaginians who favored continuing the war had Hannibal recalled from Italy. Scipio Africanus - detail of painting by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Scipio Africanus is shown releasing the nephew of the Prince of Nubia after he was captured by Roman soldiers. Walters Art Museum Carthage Resists During this same period, Carthaginian forces captured a Roman supply fleet in the Gulf of Tunes. This success, along with the return of Hannibal and his veterans from Italy, led to change of heart on the part of the Carthaginian senate. Emboldened, they elected to continue the conflict and Hannibal set about enlarging his army. Marching out with a total force of around 40,000 men and 80 elephants, Hannibal encountered Scipio near Zama Regia. Forming his men in three lines, Hannibal placed his mercenaries in first line, his new recruits and levies in the second, and his Italian veterans in the third. These men were supported by the elephants to the front and Numidian and Carthaginian cavalry on the flanks. Scipio's Plan To counter Hannibals army, Scipio deployed his 35,100 men in a similar formation consisting of three lines. The right wing was held by Numidian cavalry, led by Masinissa, while Laelius Roman horsemen were placed on the left flank. Aware that Hannibals elephants could be devastating on the attack, Scipio devised a new way to counter them. Though tough and strong, the elephants could not turn when they charged. Using this knowledge, he formed his infantry in separate units with gaps in between. These were filled with velites (light troops) which could move to allow the elephants to pass through. It was his goal to allow the elephants to charge through these gaps thus minimizing the damage they could inflict. Hannibal Defeated As anticipated, Hannibal opened the battle by ordering his elephants to charge the Roman lines. Moving forward, they were engaged by the Roman velites who drew them through the gaps in the Roman lines and out of the battle. In addition, Scipios cavalry blew large horns to frighten the elephants. With Hannibals elephants neutralized, he reorganized his infantry in a traditional formation and sent forward his cavalry. Attacking on both wings, the Roman and Numidian horsemen overwhelmed their opposition and pursued them from the field. Though displeased by his cavalrys departure, Scipio began advancing his infantry. This was met by an advance from Hannibal. While Hannibals mercenaries defeated the first Roman assaults, his men slowly began to be pushed back by Scipios troops. As the first line gave way, Hannibal would not allow it to pass back through the other lines. Instead, these men moved to the wings of the second line. Pressing forward, Hannibal struck with this force and a bloody fight ensued. Ultimately defeated, the Carthaginians fell back to the flanks of the third line. Extending his line to avoid being outflanked, Scipio pressed the attack against Hannibals best troops. With the battle surging back and forth, the Roman cavalry rallied and returned to the field. Charging the rear of Hannibals position, the cavalry caused his lines to break. Pinned between two forces, the Carthaginians were routed and driven from the field. Aftermath As with many battles in this period, exact casualties are not known. Some sources claim that Hannibals casualties numbered 20,000 killed and 20,000 taken prisoner, while the Romans lost around 2,500 killed and 4,000 wounded. Regardless of casualties, the defeat at Zama led to Carthage renewing its calls for peace. These were accepted by Rome, however the terms were harsher than those offered a year earlier. In addition to losing the majority of its empire, a substantial war indemnity was imposed and Carthage was effectively destroyed as a power.

North American Culture and Multinational Firm Advertising Research Paper

North American Culture and Multinational Firm Advertising - Research Paper Example This essay "North American Culture and Multinational Firm Advertising" outlines the importance of the right international marketing strategy. Multinational firms may either succeed or fail in their endeavor to incorporate cultural traits and behavior into their marketing and sales initiatives in foreign locales. Multinational firms are usually structured in the same way as a typical local firm (Sankar and Rau 27). However, there are differences in terms of adopting a standard structure, which has to be followed by the sub-companies in line with the complexity of their business practices. In general, these firms may put emphasis on functionality, product, and/or geography, when planning on the standard organizational structure of their subsidiaries (Sankar and Rau 27). The exposure of multinational firms, to an environment where technology and the level of competition are changing is the factor that forces them to adopt new strategies to make sure that their structure is fit to what i s needed in the foreign industry. In most cases, multinational firms adopt a regional organization structure because of the need to develop customized marketing activities that is appropriate to the local culture and situation in a foreign market (Britton 199). This structure is deemed to be the most appropriate organizational form if firms consider localization. This structure is headed by a regional manager instead of a subsidiary manager, who has limited reach to regional offices. Specifically, Avon Products take this organizational form. ... Operation of International Advertising Firms The burden of formulating the right advertising concept for a brand is placed on international advertising firms. Since their services are project based, there is often pressure in meeting the demands of clients, especially when these are multinational firms that have high expectations. The basic goal is to promote the same product under the same brand using a uniform strategy (Sotomayor 131). However, because the goal of a multinational firm is to make an advertisement campaign charismatic to various cultures, localization needs to be adopted (Sotomayor 131). Multinational firms now exist in a global market, where there are varied local rules and expectations (Sotomayor 132). As a result, international advertising firms have to suit the campaign to what is culturally acceptable. For instance, when the first novel in the Harry Potter series was promoted in the United States the title was Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone whereas in other locations, the title was Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (Sotomayor 132). A change like this has to be made so that the audience may well understand the context of the movie and be enticed to watch it. Fundamentally, the type of product or service, that is set to be promoted, is an important element to consider in international marketing. The factor is crucial because there is a possibility that the product or service will not be acceptable, as per the local culture. The study conducted by Chang of multinational firms and localization in China showed that multinational firms from differing industries have differing growths (Figure 2.0). This figure supports those consumption rates of the types products vary from one industry to another (30-31). Figure 2.0 Industry

Interior design profession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Interior design profession - Essay Example The advancements in technology, communication, and media today have highly educated and informed the general public regarding the various aspects of interior design and this, in turn, has stimulated enormous interest in the subject as a whole. The creative and technical solutions of interior design have great implications in the modern world as they improve the quality of life and culture of the occupants. Based on a systematic and coordinated methodology, such as research, analysis, and integration of knowledge into the creative process, the interior design process tries to satisfy the needs and resources of the client in producing an interior space to the complete accomplishment of the project goals. Therefore, the work of an interior designer is highly challenging and it incorporates principles from several disciplines including environmental psychology, architecture, product design, and traditional design with aesthetics and cosmetics. In a reflective analysis of the wide-ranging area of the work of an interior designer, it becomes evident that interior design is an essential profession in the modern world and it makes an immense contribution to the adorning of the human environment to make it appealing to live in. Interior design is a profession which covers several significant areas of human life in the modern world and it incorporates the principles of different disciplines such as environmental psychology, architecture, product design, and traditional design with aesthetics and cosmetics. Significantly, the training for interior design is provided by established departments such as art, architecture, human ecology, and home economics and the career disciplines of an interior designer include several vital areas such as environmental planning, space planning, construction engineering, architecture, landscape architecture, interior design, ecology and the interrelation between humans and their environment, design as related to the home etc.

Mythological Women Essay Example for Free

Mythological Women Essay Attitudes toward women in mythology reflect the attitudes that still exist today around the world. In mythology women always seem to mess up and make mistakes. Women are viewed as incapable in mythology. The attitudes toward women in both Judeo-Christian/Western and Greek mythology are negative. One of the three types of mythology that are going to be discussed about is humanity mythology. In Judeo-Christian/Western humanity mythology, there is the parable of Adam and Eve. In Adam and Eve, God tells them to not eat from the forbidden tree. Eve, the woman, is tempted and ends up disobeying God by eating an apple from the tree that was forbidden. On the other hand, in Greek humanity mythology there is the story of Pandora. Pandora was given a box and was told to never open the box. Curiosity got the best of Pandora and she ended up disobeying by opening the box. In humanity mythology women are portrayed as not being able to follow instructions and obey. The next type of mythology is the animal/plant mythology. In Judeo-Christian/Western animal/plant mythology, you have the parable of Adam and Eve again. In the parable, Adam the man, is given the responsibility to name the animals. While in Greek animal/plant mythology, you have the myth of how spiders came to be. There was a Goddess named Athena who challenged Arachne at weaving. Arachne was the best weaver there. After loosing, Athena turned Arachne into a spider so she would weave webs forever. In animal/plant mythology, women are viewed as incapable to complete tasks and also viewed as jealous. The last type of mythology is hero mythology. In Judeo-Christian/Western hero mythology, you have superhero and trickster schemes. Without a trickster there is no superhero to solve the problem. In the superhero community, almost every superhero is male. On the other hand, in Greek hero mythology you have The Odyssey. In The Odyssey, you have Odysseus who is away for twenty long years. Odysseuss wife has been mourning for his arrival and has remained clean and faithful. In the meantime, Odysseus is sleeping with other women. Hero mythology portrays the dominance of men and their image of strength. Hero mythology also portrays the double standard of  what men expect for women. In conclusion, bad attitudes toward women that are seen in Judeo-Christian/Western and Greek mythology still exist today. In humanity mythology, women are portrayed as incapable of obeying and following instructions. In animal/plant mythology, women are viewed as incapable to complete tasks and also very jealous. In hero mythology, men are seen as the ones with dominance, strength, and superiority and you can see a double standard in the expectations of morality. The attitudes toward women in both Judeo-Christian/Western and Greek mythology are negative.

Television and Media Essay - Children and TV Violence :: Media Argumentative Persuasive Argument

Children and Television Violence      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The children of America spend their time on many different activities. One of the most time consuming activities is watching television.   Television plays a large role in the social and emotional development of children today. One good quality that television has is that it conveys information and happenings around the world that they may not otherwise know about, but some people have been questioning whether television does more harm than good.   Many have been analyzing what affect violence in adult shows as well as children's shows may have on children.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most parents allow their children to watch so called "kid's shows" without even thinking about what might be contained within them.   How many times has a certain hunter been seen hunting a certain "wascally wabbit"?   Most people would say "how can a cartoon about a man hunting affect a child?"   At first it may seem that it has no effect, but, looking closer, it is easy to see that Bugs Bunny has many human traits. Two of these traits are speaking English and walking upright.   Something else that adds to this is that sometimes children cannot make the distinction between fantasy and reality.   Quickly a cartoon about a man hunting a rabbit can turn into a story of murder.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another cartoon character that may harm children is Yosimite Sam.   When he becomes angry, he begins to fire his pair of guns into the air and at other characters.   This could cause children to act violently to appease their anger.   This includes hitting and throwing things.   This is an extreme view of the situation, but who is to say that at least part of it is not true?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Children see violence everyday in their cartoons, but what about shows that they watch in which people star.   These shows will more than likely cause more violence than cartoons would.   While watching a show such as "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers" a child sees almost 30 minutes of non-stop fighting.   The show also has a fantasy story that appeals to children.   After watching the show, a child may become bored because the reality of the television show is more interesting.   The child then imitates what was seen on television.   This is where the actual violence may begin.   Adult shows and movies that are seen by children could have even worse effects than children's shows.   In one documented case, a Californian boy that was seven years old watched a movie one night.   In the movie, a man put glass into soup that a colleague of his was to eat.

Does everyone have a right to a child? Essay

What are the different alternatives to conceiving naturally? Artificial insemination Artificial insemination is often used by couples that are infertile due to sperm disorders such as low sperm count etc. Usually the process involves injecting sperm through a narrow catheter into the woman’s reproductive tract or for most couples AI is performed with the man’s sperm. For: it is a harmless procedure. Against: It goes against religious values because masturbation may be required in the process also it has a low success rate. IVF Couples who usually have unexplained fertility problems or female factor such as blocked fallopian tubes or endometriosis. Step 1: the woman takes fertility drugs to stimulate the production of eggs Step 2: once they are mature they are collected by ultrasound guidance. Step 3: the man produces a sperm sample, which is prepared before being put with the eggs in a Petri dish left for a few days to see if it has fertilised. Step 4: a healthy embryo is placed in the womb Step 5: remaining embryos are suitable for freezing may be stored for future use. For: This treatment option gives women with blocked, damaged or missing fallopian tubes a chance to have a baby. Against: fertility drugs used to stimulate egg production themselves can have severe side effects, risk of multiple pregnancies and increased risk of miscarriage and other complications. Catholics believe IVF is wrong because embryos may be destroyed in the process Intracytoplasmic sperm injection. This procedure would often be used by males with low sperm counts, poor mobility or abnormally shaped sperm. Sperm is usually retrieved from the testicles which is usually involves inserting a small needle to draw out fluid containing sperm. For: it has a 25% success rate Against; the insertion of a needle into a male testicle may be very painful The Roman Catholic Church, under the papacy of Benedict XVI, has condemned the practice of Intracytoplasmic sperm injection, in the magisterial instruction Dignitas Personae because it causes a complete separation between the marital act and childbearing. Gamete intrafallopiam transfer It is often the best choice of For: high success rate between 25-30% Against: The fertility drugs used to stimulate egg production can have severe side effects, you will need to be closely monitored while you are taking them. The Catholic Church nevertheless is concerned with it because, some theologians consider this to be a replacement of the marital act, and therefore immoral. Egg Donation This may be necessary for a number of reasons if the female partner; * If the female has no ovaries * Too many miscarriages * High risk of passing on an inherited disease For: some women receive financial compensation for their time and efforts Against: Since the fertility drugs are injected daily, or several times a day, there is also a risk of infection and bruising at the injection site. Some Christian leaders are concerned about all in vitro fertility therapies because they disrupt the natural act of conceiving a child. Infertile couples are instead encouraged to consider adoption. Sperm Donations Sperm donation may be required if the male partner; * Has had a vasectomy * Has high risk of passing an inherited disease * Is producing little sperm For: Male can receive money for donating his sperm cells Against: Male donor is not allowed to stay anonymous Masturbation may be required to ejaculate the sperm cells which go against catholic teachings as masturbation can be seen as a form of adultery. Surrogacy A surrogacy arrangement is one in which one woman (the surrogate mother) agrees to bear a child for a couple (the intended parents) and surrender it at birth. This provides an opportunity for those who are unable to carry a child themselves to overcome their infertility. For a woman who can’t conceive, surrogacy creates a chance for her and her partner to parent a child who is their genetic offspring at least partially (if they use the father’s sperm and the surrogate’s egg) or completely (if they ask the surrogate to carry an embryo created from the mother’s egg and the father’s sperm). If they set up an open arrangement, the couple can be intimately involved in all the details of their baby’s gestation and may be there for the birth of their baby. Against: In addition to the complications accompanying procedures, such as IUI and IVF, surrogacy is highly controversial and can be legally complex. Some surrogates face difficult emotional and psychological issues over letting the baby go. The infertile couple not only experience the usual suspense and anxiety of waiting for a pregnancy to reach full-term safely but also worry about legal complications, the ethics of â€Å"buying† a child and the possibility that the surrogate will change her mind. Roman Catholics do not allow any form of fertility treatments where spare embryo’s are created Catholics believe they are not a disposable commodities. Adoption This is when a person is given the right to look after a child who is not of their own; there are three forms of adoption such as gay, single and ethnic. Gay adoption is when a gay couple adopt a child; people are concerned with the upbringing of a child to a gay couple and may object to this because the child may face bullying because of their adopted parents being 2 men or 2 women. Single adoption also raises concern because the single parents may not have the time to look after their adopted child and may not be able to fulfil the Childs care needs. Ethnic adoption is one which raises the most concern because as we see from the media celebrities use foreign children for fame and as a fashion accessory, also the child may feel lost and lose their sense of identity. Catholics believe that adoption is the best alternative to fertility treatment because no embryos are harmed in the process. Conclusion In conclusion I believe all fertility treatments are right because everyone has the right to bear life and god encourages us to mate. So partners who want children should be able to have children whether it is in a natural way i.e. intercourse or artificial treatments such as IVF. Scenarios Scenario 1 In this scenario a married woman who has had her embryo’s frozen has passed away but she wishes for her embryo’s to be destroyed as she had passed away, but her husband now wants to use the embryo’s to carry his dead wife’s child/baby. I believe he is going against his wife’s wishes therefore he is should not do it, as it is also disrespectful to his late wife. Scenario 2 Julie was dying from leukaemia and she wanted, to store her embryo’s to be frozen. I believe that they should not use a surrogate mother because the child would not have their true mother and it is unfair to the child as they are born without their mother so I believe that the embryos should be destroyed. Scenario 3 A couple have embryos left over from their IVF treatment and they are not too sure what to do. The doctor suggests that they should be used for other patients so their embryos remain frozen in perpetuity. I believe they should be donated instead of destroyed because they can help other people who were in their position. Scenario 4 Lorraine Hadley had two frozen embryos with her husband when she found out she was diagnosed with cancer and the treatment could leave her infertile, however when she split up with her husband he wished the embryo’s to be destroyed and the court has said the same thing. I believe because this the only way for Lorraine to have a child she should still be able to keep the embryos and subsequently have the child because every mother has the right to keep their child whether it is born or still an embryo. Scenario 5 Liz Buttle told doctors a lie and had IVF at the age of 61 claiming she was 49; she now has a child named Joe. I believe that this is totally immoral because she told a lie and got a child which she may not be able to physically look after also the child may feel uncomfortable having a mother who is old enough to be his grandmother and a sister who is old enough to be his mother.

Arizona vs Grant Case

On August 25, 1999, acting on an anonymous tip that the residence at 2524 North Walnut Avenue was being used to sell drugs Tucson police officers Griffith and Reed knocked on the front door and asked to speak to the owner. Gant answered the door and, after identifying himself stated that he expected the owner to return later. The officers left the residence and conducted a records check, which revealed that Gant’s driver’s license had been suspended and there was an outstanding warrant for his arrest for driving with a suspended license. When the officers returned to the house that evening they found a man near the back of the house and a woman in a car parked in front of it. After a third officer arrived they arrested the man for providing a false name and the woman for possessing drug paraphernalia. Both arrestees were handcuffed and secured in separate patrol cars when Gant arrived. The officers recognized his car as it entered the driveway and Officer Griffith confirmed that Gant was the driver by shining a flashlight into the car as it drove by him. Gant parked at the end of the driveway got out of his car and shut the door. Griffith who was about 30 feet away called to Gant, and they approached each other meeting 10 to 12 feet from Gant’s car. Griffith immediately arrested Gant and handcuffed him. Because the other arrestees were secured in the only patrol cars at the scene Griffith called for backup. When two more officers arrived they locked Gant in the backseat of their vehicle. After Gant had been handcuffed and placed in the back of a patrol car two officers searched his car One of them found a gun and the other discovered a bag of cocaine in the pocket of a jacket on the backseat. Gant was charged with two offenses possession of a narcotic drug for sale and possession of drug paraphernalia the plastic bag in which the cocaine was found He moved to suppress the evidence seized from his car on the ground that the warrantless search violated the Fourth Amendment Among other things Gant argued that Belton did not authorize the search of his vehicle because he posed no threat to the officers after he was handcuffed in the patrol car and because he was arrested for a traffic offense for which no evidence could be found in his vehicle. I think that to better prepare for such an inquiry officers should focus on articulating the reasonableness of any such search based on the following facts and circumstances: (1) Distance: The distance between the arrestee and the place to be searched. 2) Restraints: Whether the arrestee was handcuffed or otherwise restrained what kind of Restraints were used and whether the arrestee was handcuffed in the front or back (3) Display of guns or other weapons by officers: Whether the police had weapons drawn or pointed at the arrestee or other suspects (4) Positioning: Whether the police were positioned so as to block the arrestee suspects and bystanders from the area to be searched. (5) Access: The ease of access to the area or container itself to include whether a container is open or closed locked or unlocked. 6) Numbers: The number of officers present versus the number of arrestees, suspects, or bystanders. (7) Arrestee’s conduct: Attempts made by the suspect before during, or after the arrest to access the area to be searched. (8) Reasonable change in circumstances: Do police need to move the arrestee away from a dangerous environment into another private area or can police articulate a legitimate need to retrieve something such as the arrestee’s shoes or clothing? Searches of a Vehicle Following Arrest of an Occupant or Recent Occupant: Two Potential Justifications Arrestee could access the vehicle Gant held that police might search a vehicle incident to arrest when the arrestee an occupant or recent occupant of the vehicle is unsecured and within reaching distance of the passenger compartment at the time of the search. The Court noted, It will be the rare case in which an officer is unable to fully effectuate an arrest so that a real possibility of access to the arrestee’s vehicle remains. In such a rare case however an SIA of the passenger compartment would be reasonable under the Fourth Amendment. Since Chimel justifies this search officers may search for weapons any evidence of any crime and means of escape. Offense related evidence might be in the vehicle. Even if the arrestee can no longer access the vehicle’s passenger compartment the Court held that an SIA will also be permitted when it is reasonable to believe evidence relevant to the crime of arrest might be found in the vehicle. In many cases, such as arrests for traffic violations or outstanding arrest warrants there will be no reasonable basis to believe that the vehicle contains relevant evidence of the crime. In other cases however such as arrests for possession of controlled substances the basis of the arrest will supply an acceptable rationale for searching the arrestee’s passenger compartment and any containers inside. In a case where the search is justified by the possibility of locating offense related evidence in the vehicle officers are limited to searching only those places in the passenger compartment where the offense related evidence might be located. How to define the reasonable to believe standard? Is it the same as probable cause or is it something less? One must compare the search incident to arrest exception in Gant to another firmly established search warrant exception to find the most likely answer. In U. S. v. Carroll the Supreme Court established the mobile conveyance exception to the Fourth Amendment search warrant requirement. under this exception an officer may search a readily mobile conveyance without a warrant upon probable cause that it contains evidence or contraband. Once this standard is met the officer may search any area of the vehicle to include the trunk compartment if that area may contain the objects of the search. The rule in a Gant search incident to arrest however first requires a lawful custodial arrest of an occupant or recent occupant of a vehicle. A search of the passenger compartment incident to arrest is then justified by a reasonable belief that evidence of the crime of arrest might be in the car. If Gant’s reasonable to believe standard is equal to probable cause then the Court has created an M. C. Escher-like puzzle. An officer who has made a custodial arrest and has a reasonable belief equated to probable cause that evidence of the crime of arrest might be in the car could search only the passenger compartment. An officer who has made no arrest but has probable cause to believe that evidence of any crime is in the car could search the entire vehicle. In other words the officer who meets the higher standard custodial arrest probable cause for particular evidence gets to search less but the officer who meets the lesser standard probable cause for any evidence can search more. At best the Court would have created a new search warrant exception that is instantly swallowed by another that has existed for almost 85 years. The better explanation is that reasonable means. easonable. There is no need to equate reasonable to believe to a percentage or particular level of probability in fact the Supreme Court has stated the test of reasonableness under the Fourth Amendment is not capable of precise definition or mechanical application. Rather as in issues regarding an officer’s use of force the proper application of the reasonableness standard requires careful attention to the facts and circums tances of each particular case and must be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene. The ultimate question should be whether another reasonable officer if confronted with the same facts and circumstances could believe that evidence of the arrestee’s crime might be found in the vehicle the arrestee recently occupied. Facts and circumstances leading to such a reasonable belief will include information about the offense and the offender the age of the information the nature of the crime at issue the behavior of the arrestee before during and after the arrest ownership and control of the vehicle and results of questioning arrestees and occupants. The Court did not expound upon why it believed vehicles to be special in this context but Justice Scalia’s concurrence in Thornton from which the language was taken reminds us that motor vehicles are a category of effects which give rise to a reduced expectation of privacy and heightened law enforcement needs. Therefore it appears as though officers may not justify a search of an arrestee’s non vehicular lunging area based upon a reasonable belief that evidence of his crime might be found therein. Rather they will have to articulate reason to believe that the arrestee could access the area at the time of the search. Other Vehicle Search Exceptions Remain Available If an officer cannot justify a search of a vehicle incident to arrest under Gant or is uncertain whether an SIA is warranted other established exceptions to the search warrant requirement remain available to safeguard evidence and protect the safety of officers. 1) If an officer has a reasonable suspicion that a passenger or recent occupant of a vehicle whether arrested or not is dangerous and may gain access to a weapon he may frisk the passenger compartment for weapons This exception is known as a Terry frisk of the vehicle. (2) If the officer has probable cause that the vehicle contains evidence of criminal activity the officer may conduct a thorough search of any area of the vehicle in which the evidence might be found. This exception is the aforementioned mobile conveyance exception or the Carroll Doctrine. (3) If an officer conducting an arrest reasonably suspects that a dangerous person is hiding in a nearby vehicle he may conduct a protective sweep of the vehicle by looking in places where such a person might be concealed. (4) Consent will always allow an officer to search as long as it is given voluntarily by one with actual or apparent authority to give it and the officer stays within the boundaries of the consent given. 5) Although not permitted for use as a criminal search tool an officer who effects a lawful impound of a vehicle may inventory its contents in accordance with standardized agency policy. If the inventory is performed lawfully any evidence or contraband identified during the process may be seized and used as evidence in a criminal prosecution and may provide justification for another warrant exception. References ^ â€Å"Law professor Tomkovicz writes brief for case in upcomin g Supreme Court term†. The Press-Citizen. 2008-09-29. http://www. google. com http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Arizona_v. _Gant

How to Register for the SSAT 5 Simple Steps

How to Register for the SSAT 5 Simple Steps SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The SSAT can be an important test for students hoping to attend a private school, but how do you register for it?In this guide, we walk you step-by-step through the SSAT registration process and include screenshots from the SSAT website to makes things as simple as possible. At the end of the guide, we also include a chart with upcoming SSAT registration dates so you know exactly when you need to register for each exam date to avoid late fees. What to Know About the SSAT Before Registering If you’re planning on applying to a private school, you’ll likely need to take the SSAT and submit your scores as part of your application. There are three levels of the SSAT depending on the grade you’re in. (Students take the test based on their current grade, not the grade they’ll be entering next year, so make sure you register for the correct test.) Elementary for students in grades 3 and 4 Middle for students in grades 5 through 7 Upper for students in grades 8 through For more information on the SSAT, including an in-depth look at what topics it tests, check out our guide to the SSAT. The SSAT sign up process is pretty simple, but before you start, you should gather all the information and materials you’ll need for registration. This will make the registration process much easier and faster to complete. Here’s what you need for SSAT Registration: Your address and contact info The names of up to three schools where you’d like the results to be sent (you can also add these schools after the exam) A credit card for payment 5 Steps to Register for the SSAT Follow these five steps to register for the SSAT and get your choice of exam date and location. #1: Create an Account Before you can begin the registration process, you’ll need to visit the SSAT website and create an account. You’ll create both an account for the student taking the SSAT and a parent/guardian account so you can manage the student account. To create the accounts, you’ll need to enter some basic information such as your address and contact info and your child’s age and grade. Each student who’ll be taking the SSAT needs their own account, so if you have several children who’ll be taking the test, you’ll need to create separate accounts for each of them. You’ll only need one parent account. #2: Begin the Registration Process After you’ve created your account, click â€Å"Manage My SSAT† then â€Å"Register for SSAT.†You’ll see a page (below) outlining the steps you’ll need to take for SSAT test registration. #3: Choose a Test Location and Date After selecting whether the student needs additional accommodations or a Sunday exam due to religious reasons, you’ll select the grade of the student taking the exam. You’ll then see a page with the location and dates of upcoming SSAT exams, with the closest test center at the top of the list. Select the test that works best for you. #4: Add Score Recipients (Optional) You’ll next have the option of choosing the school(s) you want the SSAT scores to be sent to. You can send SSAT scores to up to three schools for no additional charge. If you’re not sure yet where you’d like the SSAT scores to be sent, you can also complete this step anytime before or after the exam date.SSAT score reports are sent about two weeks after the test date. #5: Select Add-Ons and Complete Payment The next step is choosing if you want to purchase any additional add-ons such as rush reporting or practice materials.The final step of SSAT test registration is payment. You’ll need a credit card to pay for the SSAT test fee (plus fees for any add-ons you chose). Below is a chart showing SSAT fees. Domestic tests refer to those administered in the US, Canada, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, Saipan, or the US Virgin Islands. International exams are those administered in any countries other than those just listed. All fees are in USD. SSAT Exam Type Fee Elementary Level (Domestic) $80 Elementary Level (International) $157 Middle or Upper Level (Domestic) $132 Middle or Upper Level (International) $257 After you’ve paid, you’ll receive a confirmation email, and the SSAT registration process is complete! SSAT Test Dates and Registration Deadlines Below is a chart of recent and upcoming SSAT registration dates and deadlines.You should register for the SSAT at least three weeks before the exam date to avoid late fees. It’s possible to register for the SSAT up to three days before the exam, but you’ll end up paying $45 to $85 in late fees, depending on how late you register for the test. SSAT Exam Date Regular Registration Deadline Late Registration Begins ($45 fee) Rush Registration Begins ($85 fee) Last Day for Registration Oct. 14, 2017 Sep. 23, 2017 Sep. 24, 2017 Oct. 1, 2017 Oct. , 2017 Nov. , 2017 Oct. 21, 2017 Oct. 22, 2017 Oct. 29, 2017 Nov. 8, 2017 Dec. 9, 2017 Nov. 18, 2017 Nov. 19, 2017 Nov. 26, 2017 Dec. 6, 2017 Jan. 6, 2018 Dec. 16, 2017 Dec. 17, 2017 Dec. 24, 2017 Jan. 3, 2018 Feb. 3, 2018 Jan. 13, 2018 Jan. 14, 2018 Jan. 21, 2018 Jan. 31, 2018 March 3, 2018 Feb. 10, 2018 Feb. , 2018 Feb. 18, 2018 Feb. 28, 2018 April 21, 2018 March 31, 2018 April 1, 2018 April 8, 2018 April 18, 2018 June 9, 2018 May 19, 2018 May 20, 2018 May 27, 2018 June 6, 2018 If your student needs additional testing accommodations or needs to take the SSAT on a Sunday due to religious reasons, you’ll need to apply for testing accommodations.You’ll need to apply for testing accommodations at least four weeks before the desired test date and have any requested materials submitted at least two weeks before the test date. Summary: SSAT Registration The SSAT is an exam many students hoping to attend private schools take. There are versions of the SSAT available for elementary, middle, and high school students.SSAT test registration is a pretty simple process, but knowing what to expect ahead of time will make it easier and faster to complete. There are five main steps to SSAT registration: #1: Create an account #2: Begin the registration process #3: Choose a test location and date #4: Add score recipients #5: Choose add-ons and pay There are several SSAT registration dates throughout the year, and you should aim to register for the SSAT at least three weeks before the test date to avoid late fees. However, if you’re willing to pay late fees, you can register up to three days before the exam. What's Next? Want help with your SSAT prep? Check out our SSAT study tips and complete collection of SSAT practice tests. Vocab is an important part of the SSAT, but it can be hard to find high-quality practice materials. Our guide to SSAT vocabulary has done the hard work for you and compiled every top SSAT vocab resource in one place. Want to learn more about what's covered on the elementary, middle, and upper-level tests? Then be sure to read our complete guide to the SSAT. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

How to Make Your Mark as a Brand New Manager

How to Make Your Mark as a Brand New Manager The responsibility of being put in charge of a team comes with a lot of obligation. Of course, the higher ups expect you to meet established goals. But what often gets overlooked is your duty to the employees who report to you. Here are some tips on how to be a straightforward and reliable boss who will gain the respect and allegiance of your staff. Be a LeaderIt’s tempting to buddy up to your employees in order to establish a camaraderie, but the truth is that you are their manager and it’s hard to completely loosen up around you. Make specific requests and realize people will be hesitant to speak out against you if they don’t agree. Make sure they know if the door open for ideas that differ from yours.Be Direct and SpecificIf you have expectations and limitations, lay them out up front. No one likes to spend hours brainstorming just to be told their vision is too expensive or consuming to take on. Time is precious–when you give instructions, think about what you would like to be told if you were the employee in order to be your most productive.Be RespectfulIf you’re taking over a new team, realize that they were a group with ideas and output before you came along. Even if you don’t agree with how they operated before you arrived, tread lightly with criticism–any negativity might seem like a direct attack.Be TrustingWork must go on, even as you get up to speed on your new role. You won’t be able to be directly involved in all the goings on of your team as you get your bearings. Trust that everyone is there to do a good job.Establishing a solid manager-employee relationship from the outset will do wonders for your time at a company. If your team is on your side (and they know your on theirs!) they’ll go the extra mile to perform at the top of their game.

A specific function of an element of the U.S.Department of Homeland Research Paper

A specific function of an element of the U.S.Department of Homeland Security...I want to ICE - Research Paper Example However, it seems that many had barely looked at the surface, while credits for the many accomplishments in the preservation of national security were enjoyed by renowned groups only. There is more to ICE than meets the eye. Crime has many forms, and until one is committed, authorities may not be instigated to design the appropriate laws and the organization to enforce them. The establishment of the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) entails a long history of trial and error. From a small unit, it evolved into an all-encompassing crime-busting organization, and front-liner in the operation against terrorism. In fact, before 9/11, immigration and customs authorities were not widely recognized as an effective counterterrorism tool in the United States. ICE changed this by creating a host of new systems to better address national security threats and to detect potential terrorist activities in the United States. ICE targets the people, money, and materials that support terrorist criminal activity (Fay, 2007, p. 591) So much was the impact of the 9-11 tragedy that the Government addressed areas of â€Å"national security† before all other concerns. Intelligence planned to engage in strategies to monitor all means of communications and dissemination of information. The President made efforts to build close relationships with his counterparts abroad to extend the nation’s scope of alliance. Federal authorities created ICE to ensure that whatever the cause of the blunder was, it will not happen again. Today, although ICE is hardly ever portrayed in the big screen like the FBI and CIA, and thus is not identified by many, it is always included in the cast when national security is at risk. They perform such functions that affect millions of lives, directly and indirectly. Since then, the United States has not been subjected to anymore instance of terrorist attack, and the question lies on whether it was due to ICE’s effective performance, or

A research paper on the Ancient Panatheniac Olympic stadium

A on the Ancient Panatheniac Olympic stadium - Research Paper Example 3). The stadium was refurbished by Herodes between 140 and 144 AD in the present form after excavated in 1870. The length and width of the Panatheniac Olympic Stadium designed in horseshoe shape is 204.07 meters and 33.35 meters respectively. Herodes constructed another such portico at the front of the stadium. Herodes also repaired the Illissos river bridge at the Stadium’s gate to make it bigger by putting three archways on its base. The bridge was there till 1778 (Meander Travel par. 1-3). A semi-circular wall was added to the north of the Stadium parallel to the sphendone of the southern side (â€Å"Olympic-Legacy,† par. 2). The archaeologist Earnst Ziller found the Stadium during excavations of the 1869-70, which was rebuilt again in 1896 for holding the first Olympiad in Athens by G Averof. Anastase Metaxas helped in remaking the Stadium to the capacity of 69,000 seats. The same marble from Mt. Penteli, which was used 2,400 years before, was used again for making of the Parthenon on the Acropolis. The Stadium was adorned as if it was the Grecian temple, the outline of which was still intact with its porticos and colonnades (Olympic-Legacy,† par. 3-8). Lycurgos as head of the overseers’ team was conferred the title of â€Å"caretakers of the Stadion†. ... Lycurgos changed the valley not only into a Stadium but also circumvented the arena with a parapet, which straightway marked the place for the competitions. A line of stones was laid down to label the starting point and the finish of an ordinary route. A passage was constructed behind the parapet, which made the circumference of the route. Below the footpath a covered passage was running along to take the flow of the rain water out from the Stadium. Some remains of this passage are still there to be seen. During that period, inclines were not sheltered with marble benches as the audience seating arrangements were made on the ground. The place named â€Å"the first wood† was meant for VIPs of that time, earmarking their seats (Lambros & Polites, â€Å"The Olympic Games B.C. 776. — A. D. I896.† pp.35-36). There are inscriptions that inform the repairing of the Stadium dating Third Century BC by Heracleitos in a â€Å"befitting manner†. In the second Century after Christ the Stadium was totally refurbished by Herodes Atticus. Herodes Atticus was selected the â€Å"Athlothete of the Panathenaia† (Lambros & Polites, â€Å"The Olympic Games B.C. 776. — A. D. I896.† p. 36). Worth description by Herodes was the ship on wheels on whose pole people laid their offerings because the goddess there is depicted as sail. It operated through a secret method sailing beside the ground. While addressing the people of Athens, Herodes finished his speech of thanks giving by saying: â€Å"It will be in a Stadium of marble that I hope to receive you, oh Athenians, yourselves as well as the Athletes and strangers, who will then be our guests.† In a span of 4 years he presented an altogether new look to the Stadium fully decorated. Such was the appeal of the Stadium that no other